Question 1

A

Accepted Answer

Acai berry (ahh-sah-ee)
Found only in the Amazon rainforests of Central and South America, these berries contain a wide array of vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids and antioxidants, including: vitamin C, vitamin A, B vitamins (niacin, vitamin B6 and riboflavin), vitamin K, dietary fibre, omega fatty acids (omega-6 (linoleic acid) and omega-9 (oleic acid)), protein, copper, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, potassium, antioxidants (resveratrol, cyanidin-3-galactoside, ferulic acid, delphinidin and petunidin), polyphenols and flavonoids.
 
Acai berries are beneficial for:
- The immune system: their dark purple pigment contains plant chemicals called anthocyanins powerful antioxidants that are part of the flavonoid family of molecules and are important for neutralising harmful free radicals)
- Supporting the heart: acai berries are a rich source of protein and dietary fibre, which are believed to have a protective effect on the cardiovascular system
- Lowering cholesterol levels: acai berries are a rich source of Omega 6 and Omega 9 fatty acids, as well as phytosterols, which play an important role in lowering levels of cholesterol in the blood
- Weight loss: these berries can supply valuable nutrients to support energy levels, the immune system and nutrient intake during periods of reduced calories and increased physical activity.
 
The also have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-mutagenic properties.
 
Acerola cherry
Acerola cherries are widely considered to be “superfruits”, due to their excellent nutritional value and exceptionally high vitamin C content. They provide a naturally bio-available and powerful source of vitamin C, which is fully utilised by the body - unlike synthetic ascorbic acid, which is sold as vitamin C.
 
By way of a comparison of vitamin C content with other fruits, 1 small acerola cherry contains around 80mg of vitamin C - this is 30 times the amount found in oranges (of the same weight). These cherries possess an amazing array of nutrients, including potent antioxidants. In fact, researchers have identified nearly 150 nutritive constituents, which include bioflavonoids, proteins, mineral salts, iron, calcium and phosphorus.
 
African mango
This “superfruit”, indigenous to coastal west Africa, is an age-old Cameroonian bush remedy that has been used for its unique properties that help to shift fat and lower blood fat levels. The African mango, Irvingia gabonesis, is unlike other mangoes in that it produces an edible protein-rich seed. It can support healthy blood fat and glucose values, blood pressure and leptin levels. African mango can also delay stomach- emptying to help you stay fuller for longer.
 
Alfalfa
Alfalfa is rich in chlorophyll, vitamins (such as pro-vitamin A (B-carotene) and vitamins B6, C, D, E, K and P) and minerals (such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron and zinc). It also contains all 8 essential amino acids (the building blocks of protein), yields 10x more mineral value than an average grain and contains 8 essential enzymes, namely:
- Amylase (digests starch)
- Coagulase (coagulates milk)
- Invertase (converts sugar to dextrose)
- Emulsin (acts upon sugars)
- Peroxidase (oxidises blood)
- Lipase (fat-splitting enzyme)
- Pectinase (forms a vegetable jelly from pectin)
- Protease (digests proteins).
 
Alfalfa also consists of medicinal “actives”, such as isoflavones, sterols and other plant phyto-estrogens that (working together with the plant’s natural fibre) promote healthy cholesterol levels. The high mineral content also creates a powerful diuretic effect.
 
Aloe vera & Aloe vera leaf
A bactericidal against staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus viridans and 5 strains of streptococcus mutants. It is also used as an antibiotic, antiviral, demulcent, coagulant and analgesic for mild pain. It helps to eliminate toxic minerals from the body and neutralises free radicals created by toxic substances. It is perhaps best known for its soothing and protective actions (particularly on the digestive system).
 
Aloe vera contains chloride, which eases the process of bowel release by increasing the water level in the stool. Its laxative effect is also derived from its inner skin in the form of a yellow, bitter liquid called aloin. This substance, when left to dry, turns into powder that is used to create laxatives. Aloe contains compounds called anthraquinones, including aloin, aloe-emodin, barbaloin and aloectic acid. Together, these compounds provide powerful relief for constipation.
 
Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA)
Lipoic acid is known as the “universal antioxidant”. It is a vitamin-like substance naturally produced in the body and plays a unique role in defending it against free radical damage. More than 20 years ago, Burton Berkson, M.D. discovered that lipoic acid could cure a fatal liver disease caused by the ingestion of the highly poisonous Amanita mushrooms. The liver damage caused by the free radicals present in these mushrooms destroys liver cells, and 90% of people who eat them will die. However, intake of lipoic acid cured these patients, confirming its powerful liver cleaning and protective properties. ALA also helps to stabalise blood sugar levels and insulin resistance - a common complaint in middle-aged men and women - which can lead to a range of serious health problems. Athletes report that they experience far less muscle soreness following exercise, when taking this compound.
 
Apple cider vinegar
Apple cider vinegar can be used as a as a digestive and bowel cleansing aid it has has various healthful properties, including antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. What’s more, evidence suggests it could possibly offer health benefits, such as:
-Aiding weight loss
- Reducing cholesterol
-Lowering blood sugar levels
-Improving the symptoms of diabetes
 
Apple pectin
Apples are a rich source of pectin: a naturally-occurring carbohydrate. Pectin is particularly good at helping to lower blood cholesterol levels. The liver pumps excess cholesterol into the bile, which then enters the intestines. If pectin is present in the intestines, it will bind with the cholesterol and take it out of the body.
 
Artichoke
An ancient herbal treatment used to promote a healthy liver, efficient digestive system and healthy cholesterol levels. The extract contains the active ingredient, luteolin, and the antioxidants caffeic acid, cynarin and cholorgenic acid. These all act to protect liver cells from damage and, at the same time, stimulate the production of bile acid into the digestive tract. This breaks down fats and has an effect on lowering high cholesterol levels and triglycerides.
 
Ascophyllum nodosum
A large, common brown alga (Phaeophyceae) in the family Fucaceae, being the only species in the genus Ascophyllum. It is seaweed of the northern Atlantic Ocean, also known as rockweed, Norwegian kelp, knotted kelp, knotted wrack or egg wrack. It is common on the north-western coast of Europe (from Svalbard to Portugal) including east Greenland and the north-eastern coast of North America. Seagreens® Ascophyllum nodosum is sourced from the Scottish Outer Hebrides and is the highest of Seagreens’® species in terms of iodine levels - typically 700mcg iodine per 1g.
 
Ashwagandha
Ashwagandha, one of the most powerful herbs in Ayurvedic healing, has been used since ancient times for a wide variety of conditions, and is most well-known for its restorative benefits. In Sanskrit, ashwagandha means “the smell of a horse,” indicating that the herb imparts the vigour and strength of a stallion, and has traditionally been prescribed to help people strengthen their immune system after an illness. Ashwagandha is frequently referred to as “Indian ginseng” because of its rejuvenating properties, even though botanically, ginseng and Ashwagandha are unrelated. Belonging to the same family as the tomato, ashwagandha is a plump shrub with oval leaves and yellow flowers. It bears red fruit about the size of a raisin. The herb is native to the dry regions of India, northern Africa, and the Middle East, and today is also grown in more mild climates, including the United States.
 
Astragalus root
Astragalus belongs to a special class of herbs known as adaptogens, which have unique effects that work to bring the body and mind into greater balance, depending on what is needed, thereby helping to reduce stress and promote energy and vitality.
 
For over 2,000 years, it has been one of the 50 elite Chinese tonic herbs that are most frequently used in the Traditional Chinese Medicine pharmacopeia, due to its remarkable ability to restore health on virtually every level - mentally, emotionally, physically, energetically and spiritually. It is one of the few herbs mentioned in multiple ancient Chinese medical texts as a “Heaven Class” premier herbal medicine for restoring health and rejuvenating the body and mind at the deepest levels.
 
Widely referred to as “the ancient herb of longevity and strength”, a number of studies have shown that certain compounds in Astragalus root have measurable telomerase-stimulating and enhancing effects, which have been linked to increased longevity, anti-aging and DNA repair. Astragalus has also become notable over the years for its powerful immune-boosting properties - studies have shown that regular use of Astragalus root leads to an increase in disease-fighting immune antibodies, stimulation of T-cells (which are powerful immune-regulating white blood cells) and an increase in levels of the anti- viral compound interferon.
 
Atriplex halimus
Also known as Mediterranean saltbush, Atriplex halimus is a nutritious plant, high in protein, as well as vitamins (C, A and D) and minerals (such as chromium).

Question 2

B

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 contributes to the normal function of the immune system, the regulation of hormonal activity, normal cysteine synthesis, normal energy-yielding metabolism, normal homocysteine metabolism, normal protein and glycogen metabolism and the reduction of tiredness and fatigue.
 
A very well-known and effective diuretic, vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in many foods, added to others and available as a dietary supplement. It is the generic name for six compounds (vitamers) with vitamin B6 activity: pyridoxine, an alcohol; pyridoxal, an aldehyde; and pyridoxamine, which contains an amino group; and their respective 5’-phosphate esters.
 
Baobab fruit
This versatile fruit has long been used for its health applications by Africans across the continent. It is also famed for its incredible nutritional properties. Much like the moringa, it is a superfood that deserves the name! An excellent source of many vitamins and minerals, it has:
- five times the magnesium of avocados
- four times the potassium of bananas
- twice the calcium of milk
- twice the antioxidants of acai berries, and more than any other fruit
- ten times the vitamin C of oranges
- ten times the fibre of apples.
 
In other words, baobab is highly nutritious and different parts of the plant supply varying amounts of protein, vitamin C, antioxidants, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, calcium and B vitamins. Due to the fact that it is high in dietary fibre, it has been shown to support digestive health, as well as reduce feelings of hunger which could promote weight loss. Baobab may also help slow the increase of blood sugar levels and decrease the amount of insulin needed to keep your blood sugar under control. Studies show that baobab can help to reduce inflammation and prevent oxidative damage to cells.
 
Barberry
Technically referred to as Berberis vulgaris, this bark contains an alkaloid known as berberine and supports liver, gallbladder, spleen and bowel function. It also has an anti-septic and anti-bacterial effect when taken orally. It is useful against dysbiosis, stimulates bile flow, eases liver congestion, is ideal for an inflamed gallbladder and also for intestinal inflammation. It acts as a spleen and pancreas tonic.
 
Barley grass
Barley (Hordeum distichon in Latin) is considered to be a near-perfect food. It is high in fibre, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium and lysine (an essential amino acid). Young barley contains concentrated levels of vitamins, mineral nutrients, amino acids, enzymes and chlorophyll. It is 7 times richer in vitamin C than oranges, 5 times richer in iron than spinach and has 25 times the potassium found in wheat.
 
It is one of the green grasses. High levels of vitamins and minerals are found in green barley leaves. These include potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, phosphorus, manganese, zinc, beta carotene, B1, B2, B6, C, folic acid and pantothenic acid. Barley grass is said to have 30 times more vitamin B1 and 11 times the amount of calcium than there is in cow's milk, 6.5 times as much carotene and nearly 5 times the iron content of spinach, close to seven times the vitamin C in oranges, four times the vitamin B1 in whole wheat flour, and 80 micrograms of vitamin B12 per 100 grams of dried barley plant juice. Barley grass is very high in organic sodium.
 
Barley grass, at the time it is harvested to make juice, is about 45 percent protein and about five times the minerals which accompany animal protein, in addition the protein in barley grass doesn't come burdened with fat.
 
It has one of the highest natural levels of enzyme SOD (superoxide dismutase), which is a powerful antioxidant that protects the cells against toxic free radicals, thought to be a primary culprit in aging and also contains the green pigment, chlorophyll - a natural detoxifier that rids the intestines of stored toxins.
 
Pre-sprouted barley utilises the latest patented scientific food technology, whereby all the natural active enzymes and nutrients in the barley grain are captured just prior to sprouting (the most nutrient- and enzyme-rich stage). The pre-sprouting stage also provides access to a wide variety of vitamins, minerals, amino acids and essential fatty acids.
 
Beetroot / Beets
Known as Beta vulgaris in Latin, beetroot beetroot is a good source of carbohydrates and proteins and is also rich in a variety of vitamins (including vitamins A, B and C), minerals (including magnesium, manganese, sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus), antioxidants (such as betanin, the pigment that gives beetroot its colour) and other nutrients, such as soluble fibre, iron, folic acid and betaine.
 
An oxygen catalyser, due to the presence of high levels of dietary nitrate, beetroot is also rich in iron and silicic acids. Cellulose fibre in beetroot promotes digestive regularity and bowel cleansing, while its alkaline elements make it an excellent liver, biliary system and gallbladder cleanser.
 
It has a very low caloric value, is almost entirely free of fats and has a low glycaemic load. It is also extraordinarily rich in dietary nitrate, making it popular with athletes. This nutrient leads to a reduction in oxygen uptake, increasing stamina and making exercise less tiring. Studies have demonstrated the positive effects that beetroot can have on exercise performance and muscle growth.
 
Beetroot helps to boost stamina and, due to its high iron content, helps with anaemia and fatigue syndrome - this is an organic form of iron (non-irritating). Young beetroot leaves are a better source of iron than spinach.
 
Beetroot contains the mineral silica. This helps the body to utilise calcium, which is important for musculo-skeletal health and is also required for healthy skin, hair, nails and bones.
 
Recent research has declared beetroot a “mood food”. It has been shown to stimulate the brain and contain the compound betaine, which enhances the production of the body’s natural mood- enhancer, serotonin.
 
Beetroot's carotenoids and flavonoids can help to reduce the oxidation of LDL cholesterol, which could lead to damaged artery walls and ultimately heart attacks and strokes and has also been shown to lower blood pressure and thereby help to prevent cardiovascular problems.
 
Bifidobacterium bifidus
Another beneficial probiotic intestinal bacteria. This strain works in the lower colon.
 
Bilberry
Bilberries are any of several primarily Eurasian species of low-growing shrubs in the genus Vaccinium (family Ericaceae), bearing edible, nearly black berries. It is one of the richest natural sources of anthocyanin, which is an antioxidant that provides it the dark blue color. Along with anthocyanin, it also contains other phenolic components such as quercetin, tannins, pectin, and catechins, as well as alkaloids, carbonic acids, and a range of vital nutrients including vitamins A, B1, B2, C, E, and K. The minerals present in bilberries are chromium, manganese, zinc, and iron.
 
Biotin
Biotin is a water-soluble B-vitamin, also called vitamin B7 and formerly known as vitamin H or coenzyme R. It is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids and the metabolism of fats and amino acids. It also assists in various metabolic reactions involving the transfer of carbon dioxide and may be helpful in maintaining a steady blood sugar level. A wide range of foods contain biotin, and intestinal bacteria synthesize it, which is then absorbed by the host. Biotin contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism, normal functioning of the nervous system, normal macronutrient metabolism, normal psychological function, normal hair and skin and the maintenance of normal mucous membranes.
 
Black aged garlic
Garlic has a wide range of beneficial properties, including anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, anti- spasmodic, anti-dyspeptic, anti-blood-clotting, cholesterol-lowering, triglyceride-lowering and blood pressure- lowering. It has been used to treat everything from dysentery, typhoid and cholera, to bacterial food poisoning and intestinal worms. It helps to heal the bowel with its anti-bacterial actions and is used as a cholagogue to help stimulate the discharge of bile.
 
Black garlic was born in Korea and is raw garlic that has been fermented. Raw garlic is placed in humidity and temperature controlled room for 30 days then moved to another room for 45 days to ‘oxidise’. This process creates garlic that is black in colour, softer in texture and has a more mild taste.
 
As raw garlic breaks down during fermentation, antioxidant levels increase. Black garlic also contains more sulphur compounds than regular garlic. One very important compound is s-allyl-cysteine or SAC; black garlic contains 5.84mg of SAC as opposed to raw garlic 0.32mg content. This compound is more stable than allicin and is easily absorbed by the body.
 
In response to the natural process of degradation of fresh garlic, scientists discovered a way to stabilise it whilst preserving all its healing qualities. What they in fact found was a way to enhance garlic’s properties, whilst maintaining its purity. They did this by ageing garlic in a temperature and moisture controlled environment.
 
Black pepper
Black pepper is the fruit of the black pepper plant from the Piperaceae family. Piperine is the alkaloid within black pepper that is responsible for its pungency. It increases thermogenic activity in the body and is therefore often included in weight loss formulas - thermogenesis is the way of developing cellular energy and this results in an increase in the metabolic rate of the body. Black pepper is also a very good anti-inflammatory agent. while piperine boosts the bioavailability of curcumin.
 
Blackcurrant
Considered to be superfruits due to their wide array of nutrients, blackcurrants were used during World War 2 as a replacement for oranges and other fruits rich in vitamin C (as they were difficult to source in the UK at that time). These berries are extraordinarily rich in vitamin C and are actually far superior to navel oranges - containing more than three times as much of this powerful antioxidant.
 
They also contain a good amount of calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, phyto-nutrients, vitamin E and other antioxidants, including anthocyanins - a type of polyphenol. Blackcurrants are a great energy food and the seeds are rich in unsaturated fatty acids. They can also help to prevent joint inflammation, eye strain and urinary infections. A recent scientific study revealed that the natural chemicals and compounds found in blackcurrants may help to balance the impact that exercise can have on the body. Researchers in New Zealand also uncovered a compound, which may help to improve breathing in some types of asthma.
 
Blueberry
Blueberries contain high levels of anthocyanin antioxidants, including malvidins, delphinidins, pelargonidins, cyanidins and peonidins. They also contain the antioxidant flavonoid, quercetin. And, if you want to maximise the antioxidant benefits from blueberries, go organic! A recent study has directly compared the total antioxidant capacity of organically grown versus non-organically grown highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L., var. Bluecrop) and found significantly higher concentrations of total phenol antioxidants and total anthocyanin antioxidants in the organic blueberries, as well as significantly higher total antioxidant capacity.
 
Broccoli
Broccoli is a rich source of carbohydrates, including dietary fibre. It therefore acts to support the digestive system, bowel regularity and stable blood sugar levels. It contains other essential nutrients like vitamin A, B vitamins, vitamin C, vitamin K, folate, magnesium, calcium and diindolylmethane - a potent modulator of the innate immune response system with anti-viral and anti-bacterial activity. As a cruciferous vegetable, broccoli is also high in natural organic sulphur, which is needed by the liver to carry out its detoxification processes. Sulphur-containing amino acids (such as taurine and cysteine) are necessary for the production of bile. It is important not to have sluggish bile flow, because this is a major exit route for toxins that the liver has broken down.
 
Broccoli sprout
Broccoli sprouts are a source of glucoraphanin, which creates sulforaphane when chewed or swallowed - a compound which accelerates the body's ability to detoxify from various pollutants. As with kale sprouts, these sprouts are also notable for their high levels of glucosinolates, and more importantly, their metabolites isothiocyanates.
 
Brown rice protein
Rice protein is a superb plant source of amino acids and lean, quality and balanced protein. It offers a good alternative for people who are vegetarian or vegan. What’s more, it is hypoallergenic (i.e. it tends to cause fewer allergic reactions than many other protein sources) and it is easily digested. It is also dairy and gluten free, making it ideal for coeliacs, as well as those with dairy, lactose and gluten intolerances or allergies. With a 98% correlation to mother's milk and a 97% correlation to whey protein, rice protein is one of nature's most complete and readily-digested protein sources, providing a good balance of essential amino acids (comparable to dairy or egg proteins).
 
Burdock root
This is another well-known and powerful blood purifier and potent detoxification herb, which is often partnered with dandelion for best effect. Toxins that have been displaced by the burdock will need to be quickly eliminated by dandelion and the other herbs in this formula, which have been carefully chosen to partner burdock in its clearing actions. As a potent lymph and skin cleanser, burdock forces the body to eliminate waste products, thereby clearing the skin, bloodstream and other organs and tissues of toxins. Its antibiotic-like actions will also assist in dealing with toxins circulating in the system.

Question 3

C

Accepted Answer

Caffeine anhydrous
Anhydrous caffeine is simply dehydrated caffeine - a powdered version of caffeine. Anhydrous means “without water.” It is a powerful natural stimulant found in many foods such as tea, coffee, cola and chocolate. Used to offset hunger, appetite, boost energy levels and mental clarity. Combined with the other ingredients in this formula, it has a metabolic stimulating and mild diuretic effect.
 
Caprylic acid
One of the most useful anti-fungal agents, it is a short chain fatty acid that occurs naturally in coconuts and human breast milk and does not adversely affect friendly bacteria in the body. As calcium magnesium caprylate, it survives digestive processes and is able to reach the colon.
 
Carrot
The carrot gets its characteristic and bright orange colour from ß-carotene, which is metabolised into vitamin A in humans when bile salts are present in the intestines. Carrots are also rich in dietary fibre, antioxidants, minerals, essential enzymes and vitamins, including vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin K, biotin, potassium and thiamine. Carrots also contain lignin (which helps to strengthen the immune system) and folic acid (which helps to fight against harmful free radicals).
 
Cauliflower sprout
Cauliflower is a member of the cruciferous vegetable (or Brassicaceae) family- along with broccoli, cabbage, kale, brussel sprouts and some other less common varieties. Recent studies suggest that cruciferous vegetables are an excellent source of natural antioxidants due to their high levels of various phytochemicals, as well as good suppliers of essential vitamins, carotenoids, fibrer, soluble sugars, minerals, and phenolic compounds. In fact, it’s believed that brassica vegetables are the largest source of phenolic compounds in the human diet.
 
Cayenne
Regarded by most herbalists as the purest and safest stimulant known. Cayenne opens up every tissue in the body to help increase the flow of blood. It is also used in the treatment of poor digestion and to increase gastrointestinal secretions. Acts as an anti-spasmodic for relief of pain, as well as a carminative.
 
Celery seed
Its actions include an alkaline reaction on the blood, anti-rheumatic, urinary antiseptic, diuretic, anti-spasmodic, carminative, tonic digestive, and it assists in the elimination of uric acid. Celery contains a chemical called 3-butylphthalide, which reduces blood pressure. It has been used by Chinese healers for centuries as a treatment for blood pressure and as a diuretic, as it promotes the flow of urine through the kidneys. Not to be taken in pregnancy.
 
Chaga mushroom
Chaga mushroom is a type of fungus that grows mainly on the bark of birch trees in cold climates, such as Northern Europe, Siberia, Russia, Korea, Northern Canada and Alaska. Chaga produces a woody growth, or conk, which looks similar to a clump of burnt charcoal. However, the inside reveals a soft core with an orange colour. For centuries, it has been used as a traditional remedy, mainly to boost immunity and overall health. They are high in fibre and rich in antioxidants.
 
Chaga mushrooms also:
- Help to fight inflammation (inflammation is a natural response of your immune system. However, long-term inflammation is linked to conditions like heart disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Studies suggest that Chaga extract can positively impact immunity by reducing long-term inflammation and fighting harmful bacteria and viruses. By promoting the formation of beneficial cytokines — specialised proteins that regulate the immune system — Chaga stimulates white blood cells, which are essential for fighting off harmful bacteria or viruses. What’s more, other studies demonstrate that Chaga can prevent the production of harmful cytokines, which trigger inflammation and are associated with disease (including gut damage))
 
- Help to lower blood sugar levels (a study in obese, diabetic mice observed that Chaga extract reduced blood sugar levels and insulin resistance compared to diabetic mice who did not receive the supplement. In another study in diabetic mice, Chaga supplements led to a 31% decrease in blood sugar levels over three weeks)
 
- Help to lower cholesterol (Chaga extract may also benefit cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of heart disease. In an eight-week study in rats with high cholesterol, Chaga extract reduced “bad” LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglycerides while increasing antioxidant levels. Similar studies gave the same results and observed that — in addition to reducing “bad” LDL cholesterol — chaga increased “good” HDL cholesterol. Researchers believe that the antioxidants present in chaga are responsible for its effects on cholesterol).
 
Chicory root
A rich source of natural chemicals (including tannins) that have become the focus of anti-parasitic research in recent years. In a study published in "Parasitology Research" in 2011, researchers from Cairo University found that extracts of chicory killed parasites when they were tested with the plant in vitro. Taking chicory root extract regularly is considered to have a beneficial effect on intestinal parasites in humans, ridding the digestive tract of harmful organisms. The compounds found in chicory root extract are toxic to parasites and it is believed that lactones give chicory its anti- parasitic attributes.
 
Chlorella
An edible, single-cell marine algae (a sea-moss, sea lettuce), chlorella contains more chlorophyll than many known foods, more vitamin B12 than liver, along with beta-carotene, polyunsaturated fatty acids and 19 amino acids (including the 8 essential amino acids). It is also a rich source of calcium, iron, selenium and zinc. It provides useful detoxification support because it can bind with heavy metals and pesticides (such as PCBs), which can accumulate in the body. It is also a fibrous material, which means that it supports healthy digestion and overall digestive tract health. Chlorella's high nutrient content, cleansing actions on the bowel and other elimination organs, as well as its protection of the liver, help to keep the blood free from impurities and the immune system strong.
 
Choline
Choline is a water-soluble nutrient. It is usually grouped within the B-complex vitamins. Humans cannot produce choline, and therefore must source it through their diet. Choline contributes to normal lipid metabolism. Lipids are fat-like substances found in your blood and body tissues.
 
Chromium picolinate
Chromium contributes to normal macronutrient metabolism and to the maintenance of normal blood glucose levels.
 
Cinnamon
Cinnamon has anti-spasmodic, anti-microbial, carminative, anti-diarrhoea, anti-worm and antiseptic properties. The bark helps to counteract flatulence and diarrhoea. It is also used for a weak digestive system, vomiting, hyper-acidity, to promote secretion of gastric juices, irritable bowel, summer diarrhoea, colds and flu. It can help to suppress growth of numerous harmful micro- organisms, such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Cinnamon also helps to maintain stable blood sugar levels and is therefore very useful for diabetics.
 
Citrus Bioflavonoids
Citrus bioflavonoids are nutritious plant-derived polyphenolic compounds found in citrus fruits. Bioflavonoids were first discovered in 1936 by Nobel-prize winning scientist and vitamin C research pioneer Albert Szent-Gyorgi, who originally named the group of compounds "vitamin P." Since then, thousands of flavonoids have been identified and classified according to chemical structure. Like vitamin C, citrus bioflavonoids have strong antioxidant properties, and most of the health benefits attributed to bioflavonoids relate to their antioxidant activity. They are also used to help support the immune system, improve blood flow and ease swelling in the body.
 
Clove
A carminative, warming stimulant, powerful antiseptic, anti-neuralgic, anti-histaminic and mild anti-spasmodic. Clove is also often used for digestive problems like flatulence, diarrhoea, dyspepsia and worms.
 
Cordyceps mushroom
Some of the most interesting potential health benefits of cordyceps include its ability to support respiratory health, increase oxygen uptake, boost heart health, detoxify the body, slow the aging process, increase energy and improves the immune system.
 
Cranberry
For many years, researchers believed that the ability of cranberries to help prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) was partly related to the strong acidity of the cranberries. Recent research has shown that it's not the acidity of the cranberries, but the unusual nature of their proanthocyanidins (PACs) that is related to prevention of UTIs.
 
The special structure of these PACs (involving A-type linkages between their components) acts as a barrier to bacteria that might otherwise latch on to the urinary tract lining. In many studies, the UTI-preventing benefits of cranberries are somewhat modest and limited to women who have recurrent UTIs. But this whole area of investigation has opened the door to an understanding of other possible cranberry benefits.
 
For example, stomach ulcers are often related to overgrowth and over-linking of one particular type of stomach bacteria (Helicobacter pylori) to the stomach lining. In much the same way as cranberries may help prevent bacterial attachment to the lining of the urinary tract, they may also help prevent attachment of bacteria to the stomach lining. There is already some preliminary evidence that cranberry may help protect us from stomach ulcer in this way. We expect to see future studies confirming this fascinating type of health benefit.
 
Among the fruits and vegetables richest in antioxidants berries such as cranberries rank right up there at the top of the list. They have a vast array of other nutrients too, including digestion-aiding enzymes.

Question 4

D

Accepted Answer

Damiana leaf
Damiana, also known as Turnera diffusa, is a low-growing plant with yellow flowers and fragrant leaves. It is native to the sub-tropical climates of southern Texas, Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. Damiana’s use as a herbal remedy pre-dates written history. By the time the Spanish crossed the Atlantic, indigenous cultures had been using it for centuries as an aphrodisiac and bladder tonic. Damiana is said to help enhance sexual health by increasing sexual arousal and stamina in men and women.
 
Dandelion leaf
Dandelion leaf contains carotenoids and sesquiterpene lactones. It is a powerful diuretic (the leaves are more effective than the root. ), bitter tonic, pancreatic regulator, galactagogue, cholagogue, anti-rheumatic, bile duct stimulant, mild laxative, urinary antiseptic, anti-eczema, detoxicant and choleretic. Contains vitamins A, B and C and is rich in nutrient minerals. Promotes the elimination of plasma cholesterol. Used as a natural diuretic, for detoxification, against liver disorders, gallbladder inflammation and to stimulate bile flow.
 
Dandelion root
The dandelion has been a staple of the traditional herbal pharmacopoeia for centuries. In Europe, the dandelion is still respected as the nutritional and medicinal powerhouse that it is. Among other things, dandelion root has been used as a gentle laxative, digestive aid, to treat liver and kidney problems, to relieve inflammation, boils, fever and diarrhoea and to help regulate blood sugar levels. Dandelion root is also known to stimulate the appetite.
 
Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)
DHA is abundant in oily fish and is found in high concentration in the grey matter of the brain and the retina of the eye. It is also instrumental in the function of brain cell membranes, which are important for the transmission of brain signals. Essential for normal brain and eye development, DHA deficiencies have been linked to depression, dementia, mood changes, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), memory loss and visual problems. DHA contributes to the maintenance of normal blood triglyceride levels (with a daily intake of 2g of DHA and when taken in combination with EPA). DHA contributes to maintenance of normal brain function (with a daily intake of 250mg of DHA). DHA contributes to maintenance of normal vision (with a daily intake of 250mg of DHA).

Question 5

E

Accepted Answer

Elderberry
Elderberries are rich in vitamins A and B, flavonoids and potassium, but they are most notable because they contain more vitamin C than any other traditional fruits (except for blackcurrants and rosehips)! Research indicates that they promote disease resistance, which explains their traditional use in connection with the treatment of colds, viral infections and upper respiratory conditions (including asthma). They are also said to help lower cholesterol, improve vision, support heart health, improve diabetes symptoms, improve digestion, alleviate muscle aches, relieve arthritis symptoms, act as a mild laxative and diuretic and support immunity, In fact, anthocyanins found in elderberries have more antioxidant capacity than either vitamin E or vitamin C! These potent antioxidants enhance immune function by boosting the production of cytokines - proteins that act as “messengers” in the immune system to help regulate immune response.
 
Enzymes
Proteases are digestive enzymes that break proteins down into amino acids. Amylase is a digestive enzyme essential for our digestion of carbohydrates, as amylase breaks down starches into sugars. Bromelain is a protein-digesting enzyme mixture derived from the stem, fruit, and juice of the pineapple plant. Cellulase is any of several enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans that catalyze cellulolysis, the decomposition of cellulose and of some related polysaccharides. Lactase is a type of enzyme that breaks down the sugar, lactose, found in dairy products. Papain is a proteolytic enzyme extracted from the raw fruit of the papaya plant. Proteolytic enzymes help break proteins down into smaller protein fragments called peptides and amino acids. Lipase is the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of fats that we consume. Specifically, lipase breaks fats into fatty acids and glycerol (simple sugar alcohol).

Question 6

F

Accepted Answer

Fennel seed
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant species in the genus Foeniculuma and is a highly aromatic and flavourful herb with both culinary and medicinal uses. For example, it can be used as an effective diuretic and as a potential treatment for hypertension. It contains anethole (a type of aromatic compound that occurs widely in natural essential oils). These seeds act as a gentle warming agent for delicate stomachs. Fennel is also a carminative, aromatic, anti-spasmodic, digestive and gut soother, which has mild stimulant and anti-inflammatory properties.
 
Fenugreek
Fenugreek is a bitter, medicinal herb that is rich in antioxidants and has laxative and anti-parasitic effects. It also increases milk flow, stimulates the uterus, soothes irritated tissues, lowers fever, reduces blood sugar, improves digestion and promotes healing. It stimulates the immune system and aids in removal of toxins from the body through lymph nodes. The seeds (Methi), in particular, are high in lipids, protein, protease inhibitors, alkaloids, mucilaginous fibre, phosphorus, iron, calcium, niacin, vitamin C, selenium and various other nutrients. They have stimulant, anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory, aphrodisiac, expectorant, hepatoprotective and diaphoretic properties. Plus, it is believed that the seeds reduce fatty tissues, thereby aiding in natural weight loss.
 
Fig fruit
Figs are one of the highest plant sources of calcium, fibre, copper, manganese, magnesium, potassium and vitamin K. They also have smaller amounts of many other nutrients. Figs have a laxative effect and contain many antioxidants. They are a good source of flavonoids and polyphenols, including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and rutin. Figs contain pectin and are a good source of the indigestible food fibre lignin, which retains water and helps bulk up the stool. Figs also contain ficin, a protein-breaking enzyme similar to papain in papaya and bromelain in pineapple. Together, pectin, lignin and ficin make figs a highly efficient laxative food.
 
Flaxseed
Most plant foods contain at least small amounts of phytonutrients called lignans. Lignans are unique fibre-related polyphenols that provide us with antioxidant benefits, fibre-like benefits, and also act as phytoestrogens. Among all commonly eaten foods, researchers now rank flaxseeds as the number 1 source of lignans in the human diet.
 
Flaxseeds contain about 7 times as many lignans as the closest runner-up food (sesame seeds). They contain about 338 times as many lignans as sunflower seeds, 475 times as many as cashew nuts, and 3,200 times as many lignans as peanuts.
 
When we think about antioxidant-rich foods, the first foods that come to mind are typically vegetables and fruits. Of course, foods in both of these food groups can be outstanding sources of antioxidants! Yet according to recent research, flaxseeds also belong high up on our list of antioxidant-rich foods.
 
When flaxseeds are compared with other commonly eaten foods in terms of their total polyphenol content (polyphenols are one very important group of antioxidants), flaxseeds rank 9th among 100 commonly eaten foods. The antioxidant benefits of flaxseeds have long been associated with prevention of cardiovascular diseases and have recently also been tied to decreased insulin resistance.
 
Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS)
Fructo-oligosaccharides are prebiotics - non-digestible carbohydrates or sugars that occur naturally in a wide variety of foods throughout the plant kingdom. FOS is extracted from the blue agave plant, as well as from fruits and vegetables including bananas, onions, chicory root, garlic, asparagus, jícama and leeks. Some grains and cereals, such as wheat and barley, also contain FOS. The Jerusalem artichoke and its relative yacón together with the blue agave plant have been found to have the highest concentrations of FOS of cultured plants. As a source of dietary fibre, FOS helps to optimise gut movement, bulk in the stool and gut pH. Studies in the USA and Japan have also shown that FOS can help to suppress the production of intestinal putrefactive substances.
 
All inulin-type prebiotics, including FOS, stimulate the growth of friendly bacteria (most notably, the Bifidobacteria species). This is beneficial to health because, by providing ‘food’ for friendly bacteria, the latter are better able to do their job, including for example:
- enhancing the digestion and absorption of nutrients
- supporting the immune system
- supporting body detoxification and the elimination processes
- crowding out harmful bacteria and other micro-organisms.
 
Fucus vesiculosus
Known by the common name bladder wrack or bladderwrack, Fucus vesiculosus is a seaweed found on the coasts of the North Sea, the western Baltic Sea and the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It also known by the common names black tang, rockweed, bladder fucus, sea oak, black tany, cut weed, dyers fucus, red fucus and rock wrack.
 
The primary chemical constituents of this plant include mucilage, algin, mannitol, beta-carotene, zeaxanthin, bromine, potassium, volatile oils, iodine and many other minerals. It was the original source of iodine, discovered in 1811. Iodine is an essential mineral for normal thyroid function, mammary gland development and foetal and infant neurological growth. It also has a powerful antioxidant and alkalising effect.
 
The main use of bladder wrack (and other types of seaweed) in herbal medicine is as a rich source of iodine. It has been used in the treatment of under-active thyroid glands (hypothyroidism) and goitre. It has also been shown to help women with abnormal menstrual cycling patterns and menstrual-related disease histories.
 
Overall, seaweeds form an essential source of natural iodine and are described as an ideal food-safe natural source of the mineral. Iodine is proven to be highly beneficial in the diet and significantly deficient in western diets.

Question 7

G

Accepted Answer

Garlic
One of the oldest known natural remedies, garlic has many beneficial properties. For example, it is an anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-spasmodic and anti-dyspeptic, and can have cholesterol lowering, triglyceride lowering and blood pressure lowering actions. Historically, it has been used to treat everything from dysentery, typhoid and cholera, to bacterial food poisoning, worms, colds and flu. It helps to heal the bowel with its anti-bacterial actions and is also used as a cholagogue, to stimulate bile. Black garlic contains more antioxidants than regular garlic. It also has more of a compound called S-Allylcysteine (SAC), which helps the body to absorb allicin.
 
German Chamomile Flower
There are two plants known as “chamomile”: the more popular German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) and Roman, or English, chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile). Although they belong to different species, they are used to support similar ailments. Both are used to calm frayed nerves, to treat stomach problems, to relieve muscle spasms and to treat skin conditions and mild infections.
 
Traditionally, chamomile preparations such as tea and essential oil aromatherapy, have been used to treat insomnia and to induce sedation (calming effects). Chamomile is widely regarded as a mild tranquilliser and sleep-inducer. Sedative effects may be due to the flavonoid, apigenin, that binds to benzodiazepine receptors in the brain. Studies in pre-clinical models have shown anticonvulsant and CNS depressant effects respectively. Chamomile extracts exhibit benzodiazepine-like hypnotic activity.
 
In another study, inhalation of the vapour of chamomile oil reduced a stress-induced increase in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels. Diazepam, co-administered with the chamomile oil vapour, further reduced ACTH levels, while flumazenile, a BDZ antagonist blocked the effect of chamomile oil vapour on ACTH. Compounds, other than apigenin, present in extracts of chamomile can also bind BDZ and GABA receptors in the brain and might be responsible for some sedative effect.
 
Ginger root
Alleviates occasional gas, bloating and nausea. Ginger is known as a hot bitter herb, which promotes gastric acidity and aids in digestion. It is used for many stomach conditions as it has anti-inflammatory, carminative, anti-spasmodic, expectorant (increases bronchial mucous), vasodilator and circulatory stimulant properties. It is also used to promote gastric secretions and in cases of achlorhydria (absence or reduction of hydrochloric acid in stomach juices).
 
Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for about 1,000 years. It came on the Western culture scene a few centuries ago, but has enjoyed a surge of popularity over the last few decades. It may be best known for its potential health applications in relation to dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and fatigue. Other conditions it is sometimes used for include: anxiety and depression, blood flow / blood pressure, erectile dysfunction, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and many others.
 
Ginkgo’s potential health benefits are thought to derive from its high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. According to a study*, ginkgo may improve erectile dysfunction caused by antidepressant medications. Researchers believe ginkgo increases the availability of nitric oxide gas which plays a role in increasing blood flow to the penis. Ginkgo may also help relieve PMS symptoms, according to a 2009 study*. During the study, participants taking either ginkgo or a placebo experienced a reduction in symptoms. Those taking ginkgo had significantly more relief.
 
Glucomannan
Glucomannan is a water-soluble dietary fibre that has shown to be effective as a bulk-forming laxative. It is derived from konjac root (Amorphophallus konjac) and is particularly effective in the treatment of constipation. It has also been used in the treatment of diverticular disease - a preliminary clinical trial found that approximately one-third to one half of people with the disease had reduced symptoms after taking glucommanan.
 
Glucosamine HCL
An important nutrient involved in repairing the superficial layers of the gut mucosa (those in contact with intestinal contents). It is essential for all body tissues and is a raw material for connective tissue.
 
Ginger root
Alleviates occasional gas, bloating and nausea. Ginger is known as a hot bitter herb, which promotes gastric acidity and aids in digestion. It is used for many stomach conditions as it has anti-inflammatory, carminative, anti-spasmodic, expectorant (increases bronchial mucous), vasodilator and circulatory stimulant properties. It is also used to promote gastric secretions and in cases of achlorhydria (absence or reduction of hydrochloric acid in stomach juices).
 
Grapefruit seed
Not to be confused with grape seed extract or grapefruit extract, grapefruit seed (citricidal) has been proven to be a highly effective, natural broad spectrum anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic and anti-fungal. In fact, it has been proven to be effective against over 800 strains of viruses and bacteria, 100 strains of fungi, plus several single-celled parasites - no other anti-microbial can make such claims. The antimicrobial activity of grapefruit seed extract is in the way that it changes the body of the pathogen; it stops the intake of amino acids into the pathogen and causes its walls to leak, killing it off. Despite destroying harmful intestinal parasites, grapefruit seed does not significantly harm healthy bowel flora.
 
Green cabbage
Researchers have now identified nearly 20 different flavonoids and 15 different phenols in cabbage, all of which have demonstrated antioxidant activity.
 
Green tea
Green tea is an exceptionally good source of antioxidants and alkaloids. In fact, the key active component in green tea, epigallocatechin-3- gallate (EGCG), is many times more potent in terms of its antioxidant capacity than even vitamin C or vitamin E. It also contains various vitamins (such as vitamin A, D, E, C, B, H and K) and minerals (such as manganese, zinc, chromium and selenium).
 
Guarana
Guarana is the dried paste made from the crushed seeds of P. cupana or P. sorbilis, a woody perennial shrub native to Brazil and other regions of the Amazon. It bears orange-red fruits that contain up to 3 seeds each. The seeds are collected and dry-roasted over fire. The kernels are ground to a paste with cassava and moulded into cylindrical sticks, which are then sun-dried. Guarana has played an important role in the Amazonian Indians' society. It is often taken during periods of fasting to improve tolerance of dietary restrictions. In 1840, caffeine was identified as guarana's principal constituent. It is used by Brazilian Indians in a stimulating beverage, used like tea or coffee. However, while guarana contains caffeine, by comparison, coffee beans contain about 1-2% caffeine and the dried leaves of guarana contain from 1-4% caffeine. Natural diet aids often include guarana, due to its appetite suppressant effect. This is related to the caffeine content. It is also often used as a natural energizer and cognitive stimulant.

Question 8

H

Accepted Answer

Hemp Seed
Hemp contains all of the essential amino acids and essential fatty acids (EFAs, such as Omega 3) necessary to maintain health and improve immune function. Hemp seeds also have antioxidant effects and a broad range of vitamins and minerals (including vitamin E, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, vitamin B6 and folate). Taken together, these characteristics are why hemp is considered to be a superfood, as well as a complete, natural and balanced source of protein. Being deficient in EFAs and their metabolites decreases protein synthesis, impedes muscle repair and may cause the body to retain fat, because it senses it does not have all the nutrients it needs. No other single plant source provides complete protein nutrition in such an easily digestible form, nor has the oils essential to life in as perfect a ratio for human health and vitality. The protein in hemp is very similar to the protein in human blood plasma, which is what makes it so easy to digest (unlike other sources of protein that have been associated with intestinal bloating and discomfort).
 
Hops
Hops contain natural plant oestrogens, volatile oil and resin. In fact, scientists have now discovered that the hops plant may contain one of the most powerful phytoestrogens ever identified. This potent compound - known as 8-prenylnaringenin or 8-PN - effectively combats menopausal complaints and shows promise in protecting against bone loss and heart disease.

Question 9

I

Accepted Answer

Iodine
Iodine contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism, the normal production of thyroid hormones and normal thyroid function.

Question 10

J

Accepted Answer

Juniper berry
A very effective diuretic - in the 1500's a Dutch pharmacist formulated a new diuretic called gin. This drink caught on for obvious reasons (in combination with other ingredients). Juniper has been used for centuries as a remedy for urinary-tract problems including urinary retention, bladder inflammation and gallstones, as well as gout and arthritis. Increases urine flow and destroys bacteria in the kidneys and bladder. Can prevent crystallisation of uric acid in the kidney, holding it in solution until passed in the urine. An excellent blood cleanser and can also strengthen a weak stomach and improve digestion. The British Pharmacopoeia lists juniper as a urinary tract disinfectant. The volatile oils in juniper berries destroy bacteria.
 
CAUTION: If taking lithium, juniper should not be used except under the supervision of a physician. High dosages of juniper berry products should be avoided by anyone suffering from kidney disease and by pregnant women.

Question 11

K

Accepted Answer

Kale
Kale is a lutein-rich food - a carotenoid nutrient. Among the carotenoids, lutein is perhaps best known for its supportive role in eye health, and in particular, for its ability to protect different parts of the eye from potential damage by light or oxygen. A recent study on African-American women has shown decreased likelihood of glaucoma (an eye problem usually caused by increased pressure within the eye) when dietary intake of kale reaches higher intake levels. In this case, "higher intake levels" were defined as any levels exceeding at least one half-cup serving per week.
Another recent study analysed the combination of kale with lentils and found this food combination to be especially complementary in providing us with nutrient-richness. Interestingly, this study focused on two areas of nutrition: mineral nourishment and prebiotic nutrients - nutrients that support the growth of desirable bacteria within our digestive tract. These nutrients often involve short chains of simple sugars called "oligosaccharides." Glucooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, and xylooligosaccharides are well-studied examples of oligosaccharides.
 
Kale sprout
Most edible seedlings of Brassica vegetables, including kale sprouts and kale microgreens, are packed with vitamin C. Kale sprouts are also notable for their high levels of glucosinolates, and more importantly, their metabolites isothiocyanates.
 
Kelp
Sea kelp is a natural source of vitamins A, B1, B2, C, D and E, as well as minerals including zinc, iodine, magnesium, iron, potassium, copper and calcium. In fact it contains the highest natural concentration of calcium of any food - 10 times more than milk.

Question 12

L

Accepted Answer

L-Arginine
L-arginine may benefit men with erectile dysfunction, because it can enhance nitric oxide and, in turn, relax the muscles surrounding blood vessels supplying the penis. As a result, blood vessels in the penis dilate, increasing blood flow, which may help maintain an erection. In a 2017 study* published in the journal Andrology, for instance, levels of L-arginine and L-citrulline (another amino acid) were measured in people with erectile dysfunction. Researchers found that levels of both amino acids were lower in men with erectile dysfunction than in those without erectile dysfunction.
 
L-Glutamine
L-Glutamine is synthesized from 3 other amino acids (or ‘building blocks’ of protein) - arginine, ornithine and proline. L-Glutamine is a also a component of glutathione, the body’s primary antioxidant, which is present in virtually every cell. If you are deficient in L-Glutamine, you are likely to be deficient in glutathione.
L-Glutamine - the natural form of the amino acid glutamine - is an amazingly versatile nutrient. For example:
- It is critical for normal brain and immune function
- It has been used for the treatment of fatigue and alcoholism
- it is even reputed to help reduce sugar cravings in people trying to lose weight.
 
L-Taurine
Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is an organic compound that is widely found in the human body. It has many fundamental biological roles, and is essential for cardiovascular function and the development of skeletal muscle, the retina and the central nervous system. It is considered a conditional amino acid, because it can be manufactured by the body (as opposed to an essential amino acid, which can be provided only by diet or supplements). Historically, it was first isolated in 1827 from ox bile, which may help to explain its name and the enduring "made from bulls" myths.
 
Taurine is one of many naturally-occurring compounds in the body that, like melatonin, increase in response to prolonged periods of being awake. Biochemically, taurine activates GABA(A) receptors in a brain region known to regulate sleep, and it is involved in the creation of the "sleep hormone" melatonin in the pineal gland. Early research shows that taurine – especially if combined or "stacked" with other ingredients – acts as a neural sedative to calm anxiety and lessen reactivity to stress. It can also help to resolve depression, which is often a factor that leads to insomnia and other sleep disorders.
 
L-Theanine
L-theanine is an amino acid that is found in tea leaves. It can help to promote relaxation and facilitate sleep by contributing to a number of changes in the brain:
 
- Boosts levels of GABA and other calming brain chemicals - L-theanine elevates levels of GABA, as well as serotonin and dopamine. These chemicals are known as neurotransmitters, and they work in the brain to regulate emotions, mood, concentration, alertness and sleep, as well as appetite, energy and other cognitive skills. Increasing levels of these calming brain chemicals promotes relaxation and can help with sleep.
- Lowers levels of “excitatory” brain chemicals- At the same time it is increasing chemicals that promote feelings of calm, L-theanine also reduces levels of chemicals in the brain that are linked to stress and anxiety.
- Enhances alpha brain waves - Alpha brain waves are associated with a state of “wakeful relaxation.” That’s the state of mind you experience when meditating, being creative or letting your mind wander whilst daydreaming. Alpha waves are also present during REM sleep. L-theanine appears to trigger the release of alpha-waves, which enhances relaxation, focus, and creativity.
 
With its ability to increase relaxation and lower stress, L-theanine can help during sleep in a number of ways. L-theanine may help people fall asleep more quickly and easily at bedtime, thanks to the relaxation boost it delivers. Research also shows it can improve the quality of sleep - not by acting as a sedative, but by lowering anxiety and promoting relaxation. L-theanine is what’s known as an anxiolytic - it works to reduce anxiety. Some anxiolytics, such as valerian and hops, have sedative effects. L-theanine, on the other hand, promotes relaxation and stress reduction without sedating. L-theanine can help foster a state of calm, attentive wakefulness.
 
L-Tyrosine
This is an amino acid, as well as a precursor of several important neurotransmitters, including l-dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. These are important contributors to mood, cognitive performance as well as combating stress. L-tyrosine is also a precursor to the thyroid hormone, thyroxine (also known as T4) and supplementation may have a positive effect on thyroid hormone levels which help to contribute to an increased metabolic rate.
 
Lactobacillus Acidophilus
A type of friendly bacteria (probiotic) found in the mouth, bowel and vagina. It is involved in the production of the enzyme lactase, required to digest lactose (milk sugar), along with other sugars. It also helps to combat invading pathogens and other harmful micro-organisms associated with food poisoning and infections such as Candida, thrush etc.
 
Lacuma
Lucuma is the fruit of the Pouteria lucuma tree, native to South America. It has a hard, green outer shell and soft, yellow flesh with a dry texture and sweet flavour. Nicknamed the “gold of the Incas,” lucuma has been used as a traditional remedy in South America for centuries. Lucuma powder provides both soluble and insoluble fibre, a variety of antioxidants (including high levels of vitamin C, polyphenols and carotenoids) and is helpful in terms of keeping blood sugar levels stable by improving insulin sensitivity and preventing blood sugar spikes after a meal or snack.
 
Lavender
Lavandula angustifolia has traditionally been used as sleep enhancer. Lavender oil is mainly linalyl acetate (51%) and linalool (35%), which are chemicals that are both rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream. Studies have shown that these compounds inhibit several neurotransmitters and have a sedative and pain-relieving effect. Lavender also lowers the heart rate and reduces anxiety. It works as an anxiolytic (an anxiety reliever) and as a sedative, to increase relaxation and calm, and help bring about sleep. It also interacts with the neurotransmitter GABA to help quiet the brain and nervous system activity, reducing agitation, anger, aggression and restlessness.
 
A study* of an orally administered lavender oil preparation showed that it improved sleep quality and lowered anxiety as effectively as a low dose of the sedative lorazepam (the drug Ativan). In a 2013 publication in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary Medicine, the authors reviewed the up-to-date research in animals and humans, of the effect of lavender on the nervous system. The authors quoted 3 studies, involving healthy college students, coronary heart disease sufferers and middle- aged women complaining of insomnia, all of which concluded that use of lavender improved their quality of sleep.
 
Lemon balm leaves
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is a lemon-scented herb that comes from the same family as mint. It is native to Europe, North Africa and West Asia, but is grown around the world. Lemon balm has traditionally been used to improve mood and cognitive function, but it can also help to ease insomnia and other sleep disorders, as well as help to help relieve restlessness. Researchers in one 2006 study* found that children who took a combined dose of lemon balm and valerian experienced a 70% to 80% improvement in symptoms.
 
Lemon peel
Lemon peel is packed with beneficial nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, carotenoids and flavonoids, as well as dietary fibre. In fact, lemon peel is more nutrient-rich than the fruit itself, or even the juice. Vitamins A and C, calcium, potassium and fibre in the peel can support the function of the heart, nerves, muscles, digestive system and eyes. Polyphenols and vitamin C in lemon peel are powerful antioxidant compounds, plus the high content of bone-friendly calcium and vitamin C can also help to keep bones and teeth strong (and the flavonoids in lemon peel work synergistically by improving the absorption of vitamin C - the flavonoid naringenin, in particular). Carotenoids convert to vitamin A inside the body, and vitamin A, as we know, helps to keep eyes healthy. Extracts of lemon peel (and other citrus peels) can also help in healing wounds. As one study observed, lemon peel’s strong antimicrobial properties worked against a host of bacteria.
 
Lion’s Mane mushroom
Lion’s Mane mushrooms are large, white, shaggy mushrooms that resemble a lion’s mane as they grow. They have both culinary and medical uses in Asian countries like China, India, Japan and Korea. These mushrooms contain bioactive substances that can have beneficial effects on the body, particularly the brain, heart and gut.
Lion’s Mane mushrooms can also:
- help to protect the brain (the brain’s ability to grow and form new connections typically declines with age. Studies have found that Lion’s Mane mushrooms contain two special compounds that can stimulate the growth of brain cells: hericenones and erinacines)
- help to relieve mild symptoms of depression and anxiety. Studies have found that it can also help regenerate brain cells and improve the functioning of the hippocampus, a region of the brain responsible for processing memories and emotional responses)
- support recovery from nervous system injuries it has been shown to reduce recovery time by 23–41% when given to rats with nervous system injuries.
- help to protect the digestive tract
- support heart health
- help to lower blood sugar levels
- help to lower inflammation and protect against oxidative stress
help to boost immunity
 
Liquorice root
Glycyrrhizin is the main active ingredient in liquorice, which gives it its distinctive sweet taste. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-allergic properties. It is soothing to peptic ulcers and can assist with kidney complaints. It stimulates two steroids, cortisone and aldosterone (which help to reduce inflammation). Glycyrrhizin inhibits liver cell injury caused by many chemicals and is used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis, hepatitis B and cirrhosis in Japan. It also inhibits the growth of several DNA and RNA viruses, inactivating herpes simplex virus particles irreversibly. Also used for adrenal exhaustion. Caution: not to be used in cases of untreated high blood pressure, due to its effect on aldosterone.

Question 13

M

Accepted Answer

Maca root
The maca plant, known scientifically as Lepidium meyenii, is sometimes referred to as Peruvian ginseng. It mainly grows in the Andes of central Peru, in harsh conditions and at very high altitudes — above 13,000 feet (4,000 meters). Maca is a cruciferous vegetable and therefore related to broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage and kale. It has a long history of culinary and medicinal use in Peru. They use the root as a food supplement, as well as a traditional medicine for everything from fertility problems to fragile bones and poor memory. Peruvians dry maca naturally and then boil it and drink the juice.
 
The main edible part of the plant is the root, which grows underground. It can come in several colours, ranging from white to black. The taste of maca root powder has been described as earthy and nutty. Many people add it to their smoothies, oatmeal and sweet treats.
 
Maca root powder is highyl nutritious, leading many to refer to it as a superfood. It packs high levels of iron and iodine to promote healthy cells and to help keep your metabolism on track. Its big doses of potassium aid digestion and muscle function. It is also rich in fibre, calcium, amino acids, vitamins (including vitamin C), and minerals. Furthermore, it contains various plant compounds, including glucosinolates and polyphenols.
 
Maca is claimed to be an adaptogenic plant, which means it gives your body the ability to adapt to or resist what's going on in and around it - issues such as anxiety, stress and depression.
 
Magnesium
Magnesium, an abundant mineral in the body, is naturally present in many foods, added to other food products, available as a dietary supplement and present in some medicines (such as antacids and laxatives). Magnesium is a cofactor in more than 300 enzyme systems that regulate diverse biochemical reactions in the body, including protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation. Magnesium is required for energy production, oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. It contributes to the structural development of bone and is required for the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and the antioxidant glutathione.
 
Magnesium also plays a role in the active transport of calcium and potassium ions across cell membranes, a process that is important to nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and normal heart rhythm. Magnesium contributes to a reduction of tiredness and fatigue, electrolyte balance, normal energy-yielding metabolism, normal functioning of the nervous system, normal muscle function, normal protein synthesis, normal psychological function, the maintenance of normal bones and teeth, and it has a role in the process of cell division.
 
Magnesium caprylate
A medium chain fatty acid that has been shown to improve the balance of healthy intestinal microflora and to soothe the gastrointestinal tract. Caprylic acid (as magnesium caprylate) is a natural, highly effective supplement that produces an anti-fungal effect in the body. It is also known to be an efficient way of killing Candida and other fungus and yeast infections, while not inhibiting friendly bacteria. Caprylic acid does not kill yeast, but instead controls yeast overgrowth by interrupting the growth and duplicating processes. It dissolves the membrane of the yeast cells that cause thrush, vaginal yeast infections and jock itch. This aids in reducing the level of intestinal yeasts. Magnesium caprylate is best taken in conjunction with a low yeast and low sugar diet.
 
Maitake mushroom
Maitake” means dancing mushroom in Japanese. The mushroom is said to have gotten its name after people danced with happiness upon finding it in the wild, such are its incredible healing properties. It grows wild in parts of Japan, China, and North America, at the bottom of Oak, Elm, and Maple trees.
 
Maitake is a type of adaptogen. Adaptogens assist the body in fighting against any type of mental or physical difficulty. They also work to regulate systems of the body that have become unbalanced.
 
Although maitake mushrooms have been used in Japan and China for thousands of years, it has only gained popularity in the United Kingdom and United States over the last twenty years, as it has received more wide-spread recognition for its benefits for health, vitality, and longevity.
 
Maiitakes also:
- help to boost immunity (they are rich in: antioxidants, beta-glucans, vitamins B and C, copper, potassium, fibre, minerals and amino acids. They are also: fat-free, low-sodium, low-calorie and cholesterol-free)
- help to lower cholesterol (researchers in a 2013 study found that Maitake powdered extract lowered cholesterol levels in mice. It was also shown to increase fatty acids that provide energy. Because of this, researchers theorised that eating Maitake mushroom may help keep arteries healthy)
- help to normalise blood sugar levels (the results of a 2015 study showed that Maitake mushroom can have a positive effect on rats with type 2 diabetes. During the study, maitake mushroom consumption had a positive effect on glucose levels of rats).
 
Montmorency cherry
Montmorency cherries are extraordinarily rich in antioxidants, which fight free radicals in the body and can therefore help to prevent disease and slow the ageing process.
 
Research shows that Montmorency cherries have very high ORAC (oxygen radical absorption capacity) values - you would have to eat more than 20 average portions of other fruit and vegetables to get the same amount of antioxidants as you get in one portion of Montmorency cherries.
 
In particular, they are one of the few natural food sources of:
 
- The potent antioxidant melatonin, which helps to maintain the body's circadian rhythms and improve sleep cycles; and the class of compounds, Superoxide Dismutases, which act as “super scavengers” of harmful free radicals, destroying them throughout the body.
- Montmorency cherries also contain potent phytonutrients, including anthocyanins (natural pigments) and other phenolic and flavanoid compounds.
- Anthocyanins have powerful anti-inflammatory properties, which may help to maintain healthy joint function, mobility and flexibility, reduce inflammation and ease the pain of arthritis.
- They are also thought to lower urate levels in the body and are therefore often used as a remedy for gout.
- They are an excellent source of beta carotene (they contain 19x the beta carotene of blueberries). They are rich in vitamins C and E (two of the most powerful antioxidants found in nature).
- They are a good source of potassium, magnesium, iron, folate and dietary fibre.
- They reduce the risk of diabetes and insulin resistance syndrome.
- They are low in sugar, sodium and calories.
- They support healthy cardiovascular function. They offer protection against heart disease.
- They support memory and other brain functions

Question 14

N

Accepted Answer

N-Acetyl L- Cysteine (NAC)
This is an amino acid and precursor to glutathione, the body's most abundant antioxidant found in virtually every cell. Studies show that it can protect the body against ailments such as bronchitis, asthma, emphysema and sinusitis. Animal studies have also shown that NAC can prevent damaging changes to DNA caused by the dangerous chemicals in cigarette smoke. For those who smoke or have smoked, this is a must-take supplement. NAC is produced in living organisms from the amino acid cysteine and is a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative found naturally in foods, making it a powerful antioxidant. It works by helping to eliminate free radicals and heavy metals from the body and in turn improves cellular health. NAC helps the body to neutralise toxins and is a chelator of heavy metals (such as mercury from dental amalgam fillings, cadmium and lead from paint and cigarette smoke). Toxic metals can accumulate in the body over time and continue to cause free radical damage as long as they remain. The sulphur content has also been linked to enhanced resistance to viral infections. Athletes have found that it helps them recover more quickly after training sessions.
 
Nettle
This herb is high in chlorophyll, vitamins (including vitamin C), serotonin, histamine, acetyl-choline, minerals (including iron), calcium, silica and a range of other cleansing and protective nutrients. This means that nettles are a great tonic for those feeling run down or tired, as they rebuild and cleanse the system (including your liver and blood). A lesser-known effect of nettle leaf is its ability to gently stimulate the bowels and also act as a diuretic.
 
Niacin (as nicotinamide)
Niacin (also known as vitamin B3) is one of the water-soluble B vitamins. “Niacin” is the generic name for nicotinic acid (pyridine-3-carboxylic acid), nicotinamide (niacinamide or pyridine-3-carboxamide) and related derivatives, such as nicotinamide riboside. It is naturally present in many foods, added to some food products and available as a dietary supplement. It contributes to normal psychological function, normal energy-yielding metabolism, normal functioning of the nervous system, the maintenance of normal mucous membranes, the maintenance of normal skin and the reduction of tiredness and fatigue.

Question 15

O

Accepted Answer

Olive leaf
An excellent antimicrobial against many species of virus and bacteria, olive leaf is a bitter substance produced by the olive tree, but eliminated from olives once they are cured. For about 4,000 years, countries of the Mediterranean, as well as those bordering, have chopped up olive leaves in liquid or salad form to prevent and treat parasitic infections. Olive leaf is also effective against fungi, moulds, worms and bacteria and can be used for yeast infections. It even proved to be superior to quinine for treating malaria, but not as easy to administer, so quinine became the preferred treatment. Studies in the 1960s confirmed that olive leaf extract has the ability to counteract the malaria protozoa.
 
Oregano
This herb contains a number of active constituents, which are responsible for its anti-microbial and anti- fungal actions (including inhibiting the growth of Candida).

Question 16

P

Accepted Answer

Panax ginseng
Panax ginseng is the botanical cousin of Siberian ginseng, but should not be confused with it. It is a rich source of phyto-oestrogen and the biologically active ingredients are called eleutherosides, supporting the recuperative power of the body. As such, it is traditionally used for supporting overall health and well-being, to strengthen the immune system and to help fight off stress and disease. It is also linked to increased alertness and the improvement of erectile dysfunction / treatment of impotence.
 
Pantothenic acid
Pantothenic acid (also known as vitamin B5) is an essential nutrient that is naturally present in some foods, added to others and available as a dietary supplement. The main function of this water-soluble B vitamin is in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein. CoA is essential for fatty acid synthesis and degradation, transfer of acetyl and acyl groups and a multitude of other anabolic and catabolic processes. Acyl carrier protein’s main role is in fatty acid synthesis. A wide variety of plant and animal foods contain pantothenic acid. It contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism, normal mental performance, normal synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones, vitamin D and some neurotransmitters, and the reduction of tiredness and fatigue.
 
Parsley
Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is a bright green, leafy species of Petroselinum in the family Apiaceae, native to the central Mediterranean region (southern Italy, Greece, Algeria, and Tunisia), naturalised elsewhere in Europe, and widely cultivated as a herb. Actions include anti-microbial, laxative, diuretic, carminative, gastric and uterine tonic.
 
A highly nutritious member of the umbelliferous vegetable family, parsley has many health benefits and a host of nutrients, such as vitamins A, C and E, bioflavonoids, iron, folic acid, volatile oils, coumarins, flavonoids, chlorophyll and other powerful antioxidants and phyto-nutrients.
 
Parsley contains more vitamin C than any other culinary vegetable, i.e. approximately three times as much as that found in an orange and about the same amount as blackcurrants. Its iron content is high (around twice as much as spinach). It is also a good source of manganese, calcium and potassium.
 
Raw parsley and juice is used to cleanse the blood, dissolve the sticky deposits in veins, help maintain elasticity of blood vessels, help break down small kidney stones and gallstones and as a natural breath freshener and diuretic.
 
Passion Flower
P. incarnata has many common names, including purple passionflower and maypop. Studies suggest it might help to relieve insomnia and anxiety. It appears to boost the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain. This compound lowers brain activity, which may help you to relax and sleep better. Research from 2017 also suggests that passion flower can have a positive effect on sleep patterns.
 
A second study found that it significantly increases slow-wave (deep) sleep, reduced rapid eye movement sleep and helped the subjects fall asleep more quickly. Another study found that it reduced the time it took to fall asleep and increased the duration of sleep
 
Pea protein isolate
Peas are a surprisingly rich, low-fat source of highly bioavailable vegetable source protein, which also offers an excellent nutritional and amino acid profile. Pea protein is actually a complete protein source (a complete protein or whole protein is a source of protein that contains an adequate proportion of all 9 of the essential amino acids necessary for the dietary needs of humans).
 
It is rich in branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine); lysine (an essential amino acid); glutamine (involved in protein synthesis); and is richer in arginine (involved in immune system function and weight control) than any other commercially available protein.
 
Pea are also rich in: vitamins (including vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, folate, thiamin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, vitamin B6, vitamin C and vitamin K) and minerals (including calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus, copper and manganese) and other nutrients, including both soluble and insoluble dietary fibre, lutein (a non-provitamin A carotenoid), phyto-nutrients / phytosterols (especially ß-sitosterol) and antioxidants.
 
Peas are low in fat, calories, sodium and contain no cholesterol. What's more, unlike many other pea protein powders on the market, PeaNourish contains no hexane or other toxic chemicals, which are often used during the pea protein extraction process. Our pea protein is extracted using only water, pressure and then flocculation.
 
Pffafia
Pffafia (and also known as Brazilian ginseng, Suma and Paratudo) has been known to Amazon Indians for thousands of years and extensively studied by American and Japanese scientists - it is very popular with women going through the menopause or PMS in these countries, to relieve symptoms of hormonal imbalance. Pffafia has been documented to contain a significant amount of plant sterols, which are thought to have oestrogenic properties or activities (most notably, sitosterol and stigmasterol). It is also an adaptogen and restorative tonic.
 
Piperine
Black pepper is the fruit of the black pepper plant from the Piperaceae family. Piperine is the alkaloid within black pepper that is responsible for its pungency. It increases thermogenic activity in the body - the way of developing cellular energy - and this results in an increase in the metabolic rate. Black pepper is also a very good anti-inflammatory agent.
 
Piperine extract assists in losing weight as it increases thermogenic activity in the body. Thermogenesis is the way of developing cellular energy and this results in an increase in the metabolic rate of the body.
 
Piperine is quite often paired with curcumin as it boosts its bioavailability by 2000%.
 
Pre-sprouted activated barley
Barley grass is one of the green grasses. High levels of vitamins and minerals are found in green barley leaves. These include potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, phosphorus, manganese, zinc, beta carotene, B1, B2, B6, C, folic acid and pantothenic acid.
 
Barley grass is said to have 30 times more vitamin B1 and 11 times the amount of calcium than there is in cow's milk, 6.5 times as much carotene and nearly 5 times the iron content of spinach, close to seven times the vitamin C in oranges, four times the vitamin B1 in whole wheat flour, and 80 micrograms of vitamin B12 per 100 grams of dried barley plant juice. Barley grass is very high in organic sodium.
 
Barley grass, at the time it is harvested to make juice, is about 45 percent protein. It has almost twice as much protein as an equivalent amount of wheat germ and about five times the minerals which accompany animal protein, in addition the protein in barley grass doesn't come burdened with fat.
 
Barley grass has one of the highest natural levels of enzyme SOD (superoxide dismutase), which is a powerful antioxidant that protects the cells against toxic free radicals, thought to be a primary culprit in aging.
 
Barley grass also contains the green pigment, chlorophyll - a natural detoxifier that rids the intestines of stored toxins.
 
Pre-sprouted barley utilises the latest patented scientific food technology, whereby all the natural active enzymes and nutrients in the barley grain are captured just prior to sprouting (the most nutrient- and enzyme-rich stage). The pre-sprouting stage also provides access to a wide variety of vitamins, minerals, amino acids and essential fatty acids.
 
Prune juice
Prunes and their juice contain mild laxatives, including phenolic compounds and a number of different sugars like sucrose, fructose and sorbitol that help in drawing fluid into the intestines, thus helping the passage of waste out of the body. Research has shown that prune juice greatly helps in increasing the volume of fluid that remains in the waste passing through the intestine, while also causing contractions that aid bowel movement. Sorbitol, in particular, metabolises slowly
 
Psyllium husk
Psyllium is the name given to seeds of the Plantago ovate plant, a shrub-like herb predominately found in India, although it does grow all over the world.
 
Psyllium husk fibre is a form of soluble fibre. That means it dissolves in water and forms a gel-like mass that softens stools, eases bowl movements, and improves regularity without increasing flatulence.
 
Un addition to easing bowl movements in consipated patients, psyllium husk benefits the gut microbiome it increased the abundance of three key types of bacteria (Lachnospris, Roseburia and Faecalibacterium) that produce butyrate ,a short-chain fatty acid promotes gut health and combats inflammation.
 
Pumpkin seed
Traditionally, pumpkin seeds have been used as a remedy for parasites, including tapeworms and roundworms. Laboratory studies have now demonstrated that curcurbitin, an amino acid in pumpkin seed, has anti-parasitic and anti-fungal activity. Human trials in China show that pumpkin seed is helpful to people suffering from schistosomiasis, a severe parasitic disease occurring primarily in Asia and Africa that is transmitted through snails. Other human studies in China and Russia have demonstrated the effectiveness of pumpkin seed against tapeworm infestations.

Question 17

Q

Accepted Answer

Quercetin
A powerful bioflavonoid, closely related to rutin and hesperidin. It is similar to the prescribed anti- allergy drug, cromolyn sodium, which prevents the release of histamines. It also blocks the release of even stronger inflammatory agents called leukotrienes, which are involved in asthma, psoriasis, gout, ulcerative colitis and reactions to food. These properties make it ideal for people with inflammatory bowel problems and Candida.
 
Quinoa
This grain has a high protein content and has been added to the GreeNourish Complete blend to support the amino acid profile of the pre- sprouted barley and wheatgrass.

Question 18

R

Accepted Answer

Radish leaf
An excellent diuretic, liver and bowel cleanser. Reduces gallstones and kidney stones. Radishes are rich in ascorbic acid, folic acid and potassium. Also a good source of vitamin B6, magnesium, copper and calcium - nutrients which contribute to the correct balance of fluids, both in and outside cells.
 
Raspberry fruit (contains ketones)
Raspberries in general have long been known for their health-promoting benefits, but more specifically, raspberry ketones (a type of natural phenolic compound and the primary aroma compound of red raspberries) can help burn body fat by: increasing lipolysis (fat breakdown); helping to increase the rate at which calories are burned; and helping to increase fat loss as part of a balanced diet. It is also worth noting that raspberries have a molecular structure that is similar to the structure of capsaicin, a component of capsicum - see below - accounting for their powerful thermogenic properties.
 
Reishi mushroom
With the Japanese name Reishi or Mannetake (10,000 year mushroom), the Chinese name Ling Zhi (spirit mushroom - mushroom of spritual potency), this mushroom is also referred to as the 'mushroom of immortality' of Chinese legend because it has been linked to anti-aging and longevity, as well as detoxification, anti-inflammatory actions, energy boosting, immunity and more. Reishi is rich in active polysaccharides, as well as triterpenoid compounds (primarily ganoderic and lucidenic acids).
 
Rhubarb
Rhubarb is particularly effective at interacting with the digestive system. It contains anthraquinones, including rhein and emodin and their glycosides (e.g. glucorhein), which impart cathartic and laxative properties. It is therefore very useful as a cathartic in case of constipation. It is a naturally strong herbal laxative, astringent- bitter, gastric stimulant, anti-inflammatory, stomachic, tonic and anti-septic. Also used for disorders of the liver, gallbladder and stomach.
 
Rosehip
Rosehips are a great source of bio-available vitamin C and bioflavonoids (which exert a synergic action to vitamin C, enhancing its absorption rate). Vitamins A, B1-3 and K, as well as iron, are also present.
 
Rosemary
Rosemary is high in antioxidants and contains carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid and camphor. Rosmarinic acid has anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial actions. Also sweetens the breath.

Question 19

S

Accepted Answer

Sage leaf
Sage leaf contains diterpene bitters, volatile oil, flavonoids and rosmarinic acid. It has a tonic effect on the female reproductive system and is recommended for irregular menstruation and menstrual cramps. As a result of its oestrogenic effect, it has also been shown to be effective in alleviating the following symptoms of menopause, including anxiety, fatigue, night sweats, hot flashes and mood swings.
 
Schizandra chinensis
Wu-Wei-Tzu, known as schisandra / schizandra in the West, is an adaptogen that can fortify and strengthen the body, enhancing resistance to disease and stress.
 
Selenium
Selenium contributes to the maintenance of normal hair, the maintenance of normal nails, the normal function of the immune system, normal thyroid function and the protection of cells from oxidative stress.
 
Shiitake mushroom
Shiitake mushrooms are members of a special group of medical fungi or mushrooms that have been used in Japan and South East Asia from over 1000 years. They contain a number of beneficial compounds (such as lentinan - a beta-glucan), which protect cells from oxidative damage. Eritadenine substances help reduce cholesterol levels and support cardiovascular health. Researchers at Shizuoka University in Japan found that eritadenine supplementation significantly decreased plasma cholesterol concentration.
 
Shiitakes are also unique because they contain all eight essential amino acids, along with linoleic acid (an essential fatty acid). Linoleic acid helps with weight loss and building muscle. It also has bone-building benefits, improves digestion, and reduces food allergies and sensitivities.
 
Shiitakes also:
 
- Help to fight infection (by producing interferon, a group of natural proteins that stops viruses from multiplying)
 
- Help to fight obesity (certain components of the shiitake mushroom have hypolipidaemic (fat-reducing) effects, such as eritadenine and b-glucan, a soluble dietary fibre that is also found in barley, rye and oats. Studies have reported that b-glucan can increase satiety, reduce food intake, delay nutrition absorption and reduce plasma lipid levels)
 
- Support immune function (by way of providing important vitamins, minerals and enzymes)
 
- Have antimicrobial properties
 
- Boost energy and brain function (Shiitake mushrooms are a great source of B vitamins, which help support adrenal function and turn nutrients from food into useable energy. They also help balance hormones naturally and break through “brain fog” to maintain focus — even improving cognitive performance)
 
- Provide vitamin D (although vitamin D is best obtained from the sun, Shiitake mushrooms can also provide a good source of this essential vitamin. Vitamin D is important for bone health as well as reducing the risk of heart disease, diabetes, autoimmune diseases and and other illnesses. It is vital for the absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus too. Getting an ample supply of vitamin D also helps regulate and support the immune system, maintain healthy body weight, maintain brain function as you age, reduce the severity of asthma symptoms, reduce the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis in women, and reduce the risk of developing multiple sclerosis)
 
- Promote skin health (Shiitakes are an excellent source of the antioxidant selenium. When selenium is taken with vitamins A and E, it can help reduce the severity of acne and the scarring that can occur afterwards).
 
Siberian ginseng
This herb is considered to be an adaptogen - a substance that can help individuals to cope with physical and emotional stress. Ginseng is also widely used in eastern Asia to increase the ability to do physical work (i.e. it is used as a natural energiser). Helps to stabilise blood sugar and reduce cravings.
 
Soya isoflavones and red clover
Isoflavones are oestrogen-like compounds that can help to modulate the effects of the stronger oestrogen and testosterone produced by the body. Four trials have now shown that isoflavones, found in high levels in both soya and red clover, can halve the incidence and severity of hot flushes, as well as help to relieve the other symptoms of menopause, such as irritability and vaginal dryness.
 
Spinach
Spinach is at the top of many superfood lists because it is loaded with iron, calcium, folic acid, vitamin K, vitamin C, fibre and carotenoids. Add its lutein and bioflavanoids and spinach is a nutritional powerhouse! The calcium content in spinach helps to strengthen bones; the A and C vitamins, fibre, folic acid, magnesium and other nutrients help to fight disease and boost the immune system. Folate also lowers the blood levels of homocysteine - a protein that damages arteries - and therefore helps to protect against heart disease.
 
Spirulina
Spirulina is a blue-green microalgae. It contains between 55 and 70% protein (more than beef, chicken, and soybeans), 8 essential and 10 non-essential amino acids, as well as gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), beta-carotene, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, vitamin K, pantothenic acid, magnesium, potassium, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron, copper, manganese, nucleic acids RNA and DNA, chlorophyll and phycocyanin (a pigment- protein complex that is found only in blue-green algae).
 
Sugar beet fibre
This fibre has been included in the formula because it has been scientifically proven to contribute to an increase in faecal bulk in two ways: the insoluble components of the fibre increase faecal bulk by absorbing water in the large intestine, while the soluble components are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine leading to an increase in bacterial mass. As such, this source of fibre may have a beneficial physiological effect for people who want to improve or maintain a normal bowel function.

Question 20

T

Accepted Answer

Thyme
It has anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-parasitic, anti-spasmodic, anti-fungal, carminative, antioxidant and antiseptic properties. Thyme is also used for infections, wind, irritable bowels, coughs, mouth ulcers and Candida
 
Tomato
Tomatoes are recognised for their high antioxidant content, including a rich concentration of lycopene. Researchers have recently found an important connection between lycopene, its antioxidant properties, and bone health. A study was designed in which tomato and other dietary sources of lycopene were removed from the diets of post-menopausal women for a period of 4 weeks, to see what effect lycopene restriction would have on bone health.
 
At the end of 4 weeks, women in the study started to show increased signs of oxidative stress in their bones and unwanted changes in their bone tissue. The study investigators concluded that removal of lycopene-containing foods (including tomatoes) from the diet was likely to put women at increased risk of osteoporosis. They also argued for the importance of tomatoes and other lycopene-containing foods in the diet.
 
Tomatoes also contain vitamin C, potassium, folate, vitamin K, vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol), thiamin, niacin, vitamin B6, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, dietary fibre, vitamin A and manganese.
 
Turmeric
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It is a spice which contains dietary fibre, volatile oil, vitamins (such as vitamin C and vitamin B6), minerals (such as potassium, calcium, iron and magnesium) and the yellow pigment, curcumin.

Question 21

U

Accepted Answer

No U named supplements used.

Question 22

V

Accepted Answer

Vitamin A
Vitamin A contributes to normal iron metabolism, the maintenance of normal mucous membranes, the maintenance of normal skin, the maintenance of normal vision, the normal function of the immune system and has a role in the process of cell specialisation.
 
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in many foods, added to others and available as a dietary supplement. It is the generic name for six compounds (vitamers) with vitamin B6 activity: pyridoxine, an alcohol; pyridoxal, an aldehyde; and pyridoxamine, which contains an amino group; and their respective 5’-phosphate esters. Pyridoxal 5’ phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine 5’ phosphate (PMP) are the active coenzyme forms of vitamin B6. Vitamin B6 in coenzyme forms performs a wide variety of functions in the body and is extremely versatile, with involvement in more than 100 enzyme reactions, mostly concerned with protein metabolism. Vitamin B6 contributes to the normal function of the immune system, the regulation of hormonal activity, normal cysteine synthesis, normal energy-yielding metabolism, normal homocysteine metabolism, normal protein and glycogen metabolism and the reduction of tiredness and fatigue.
 
Vitamin C (and citrus bioflavonoids )
Vitamin C contributes to maintaining the normal function of the immune system. It also contributes to normal collagen formation for the normal function of blood vessels, bones, cartilage, gums, skin and teeth, normal energy-yielding metabolism, normal functioning of the nervous system, normal psychological function, protection of cells from oxidative stress, the reduction of tiredness and fatigue, the regeneration of the reduced form of vitamin E and increases iron absorption.
 
Vitamin D
Vitamin D contributes to the normal function of the immune system and healthy inflammatory response, normal absorption/utilisation of calcium and phosphorus, normal blood calcium levels, the maintenance of normal bones, the maintenance of normal muscle function, the maintenance of normal teeth, it has a role in the process of cell division and is needed for normal growth and development of bone in children.
 
Vitamin K2
Vitamin K contributes to normal blood clotting and to the maintenance of normal bones.

Question 23

W

Accepted Answer

Watercress
An excellent cleanser of the liver, bile ducts and gallbladder. Contains the vitamins B, C, E, folic acid and beta carotene. Minerals include: very high levels of sulphur, as well as calcium, iron, sodium, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, choline and iodine. These nutrients work in combination to support kidney function and hence fluid retention / oedema. Useful in cases of arthritis and gout, and as a skin cleanser.
 
Wheatgrass
The crop from germinated seed of wheat grains, wheatgrass is rich in chlorophyll, plant protein, enzymes and a broad spectrum of vitamins (including vitamins A, C, K, E and all the B vitamins) and trace minerals (including iron, phosphate, boron, copper, selenium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, chromium, manganese and zinc). It is also an important source of superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzyme which may play an important role in detoxification of the body.
 
Wild Yam
The starting material in the manufacture of “the Pill”, the root and bulb of wild yam contain the chemical diosgenin, which can be made into various steroids (such as oestrogen and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)). As such, it is often used as a natural alternative to oestrogen therapy, for vaginal dryness in older women, for PMS (premenstrual syndrome), menstrual cramps, weak bones (osteoporosis), low energy levels and sex drive. Some women even apply wild yam creams to the skin to reduce menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes.

Question 24

X

Accepted Answer

No X named supplements used.

Question 25

Y

Accepted Answer

No Y named supplements used.

Question 26

Z

Accepted Answer

Zinc
Zinc contributes to normal DNA synthesis, normal acid-base metabolism, normal carbohydrate metabolism, normal cognitive function, normal fertility and reproduction, normal macronutrient metabolism, normal metabolism of fatty acids, normal metabolism of vitamin A, normal protein synthesis, the maintenance of normal bones, the maintenance of normal hair, nails and skin, the maintenance of normal testosterone levels in the blood, the maintenance of normal vision, the normal function of the immune system, the protection of cells from oxidative stress and it has a role in the process of cell division.
 
Zinc Citrate
Zinc contributes to normal DNA synthesis, normal acid-base metabolism, normal carbohydrate metabolism, normal cognitive function, normal fertility and reproduction, normal macronutrient metabolism, normal metabolism of fatty acids, normal metabolism of vitamin A, normal protein synthesis, the maintenance of normal bones, the maintenance of normal hair, nails and skin, the maintenance of normal testosterone levels in the blood, the maintenance of normal vision, the normal function of the immune system, the protection of cells from oxidative stress and it has a role in the process of cell division.

Question 27

1- 9

Accepted Answer

5-HTP (from Griffonia simplicifolia seed)
5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is an amino acid that the body naturally produces. It uses it to produce serotonin - a chemical messenger that sends signals between nerve cells. Low serotonin levels are associated with depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, weight gain and other health problems. Therefore, increasing your body’s production of serotonin may have various benefits, such as:
 
Helping with depression - The effects of 5-HTP on symptoms of depression have been well studied. While the exact cause of depression is largely unknown, some researchers believe that a serotonin imbalance may influence your mood in a way that leads to depression. 5-HTP supplements are thought to treat depression by increasing serotonin levels. In fact, several small studies have found that 5-HTP reduced symptoms of depression.
 
Promoting sleep by increasing melatonin production - 5-HTP produces serotonin, which can be converted into the hormone melatonin. Melatonin plays an important role in regulating sleep. Its levels begin to rise in the evening to promote sleep and fall in the morning to help wake you up. Therefore, supplementing with 5-HTP may promote sleep by increasing melatonin production in your body.
One human-based study showed that a combination of 5-HTP and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) significantly reduced the time it took to fall asleep, increased sleep duration and improved sleep quality.***
GABA is a chemical messenger that promotes relaxation. Combining it with 5-HTP likely has a synergistic effect.

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